Ko te Tapuwae Waro he tohu e ine ana i te pānga o ngā mahi a te tangata ki te taiao. Ko te ariā o te "tapuwae waro" i ahu mai i te "tapuwae taiao", e whakaatuhia ana ko te CO2 ōrite (CO2eq), e tohu ana i te tapeke o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi e tukuna ana i roto i ngā mahi whakaputa me te kai a te tangata.
Ko te tapuwae waro te whakamahinga o te Aromatawai Huringa Ora (LCA) hei aromatawai i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i puta tika mai, ā-kore rānei i tētahi mea rangahau i roto i tōna huringa ora. Mō taua mea anō, he nui ake te uauatanga me te whānuitanga o te tatau tapuwae waro i ngā tukunga waro, ā, kei roto i ngā hua kaute ngā mōhiohio mō ngā tukunga waro.
I te kaha haere o te huringa āhuarangi o te ao me ngā take taiao, kua tino hira te kaute i ngā tapuwae waro. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa i a tātou ki te mārama ake i te pānga o ngā mahi a te tangata ki te taiao, engari ka whakarato hoki i te pūtake pūtaiao mō te whakatakoto rautaki whakaiti tukunga me te whakatairanga i te huringa matomato me te iti-waro.
Ko te huringa ora katoa o te pāmao, mai i te tipu me te whanaketanga, te hauhake, te tukatuka me te hanga, te whakamahinga hua tae noa ki te whakakorenga, koinei te tukanga katoa o te huringa waro, tae atu ki te totohu waro o te ngahere pāmao, te hanga me te whakamahinga o ngā hua pāmao, me te tapuwae waro i muri i te whakakorenga.
E ngana ana tēnei pūrongo rangahau ki te whakaatu i te uara o te whakato ngahere pāpaka rauropi me te whanaketanga ahumahi mō te urutau āhuarangi mā te tātari i te tapuwae waro me te mōhiotanga ki te tapanga waro, tae atu ki te whakaritenga o ngā rangahau tapuwae waro o ngā hua pāpaka.
1. Te kaute i te tapuwae waro
① Ariā: E ai ki te whakamāramatanga o te Anga Whakakotahi o ngā Whenua o te Ao mō te Huringa Āhuarangi, ko te tapuwae waro e pā ana ki te tapeke o te hauhā waro me ētahi atu hau kati kōtuhi e tukuna ana i roto i ngā mahi a te tangata, e tukuna ana rānei puta noa i te huringa ora katoa o tētahi hua/ratonga.
Ko te tapanga waro "he whakaaturanga o te" tapuwae waro o te hua ", he tapanga matihiko e tohu ana i te huringa ora katoa o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi o tētahi hua mai i ngā rauemi mata ki te hangarua para, e whakarato ana ki ngā kaiwhakamahi i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā tukunga waro o te hua i roto i te ahua o tētahi tapanga.
Ko te aromatawai huringa ora (LCA) he tikanga aromatawai pānga taiao hou kua whakawhanakehia i ngā whenua o te Hauāuru i ngā tau tata nei, ā, kei te wāhanga tonu o te rangahau me te whanaketanga. Ko te paerewa matua mō te aromatawai i te tapuwae waro o te hua ko te tikanga LCA, e kiia ana ko te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu hei whakapai ake i te pono me te whai huatanga o te tatau tapuwae waro.
Ka tautuhia tuatahitia e te LCA te whakapaunga o te pūngao me ngā rauemi, tae atu ki ngā tukunga taiao puta noa i te wāhanga huringa ora katoa, kātahi ka aromatawaihia te pānga o ēnei whakapaunga me ngā tukunga ki te taiao, ā, hei whakamutunga ka tautuhia me te aromatawai i ngā whai wāhitanga hei whakaiti i ēnei pānga. Ko te paerewa ISO 14040, i whakaputaina i te tau 2006, e wehewehea ana ngā "taahiraa aromatawai huringa ora" kia whā ngā wāhanga: te whakatau i te kaupapa me te whānuitanga, te tātari rarangi taonga, te aromatawai pānga, me te whakamaoritanga.
② Ngā Paerewa me ngā Tikanga:
He maha ngā tikanga hei tatau i te tapuwae waro i tēnei wā.
I Haina, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā tikanga kaute ki ngā wāhanga e toru i runga i ngā tautuhinga rohe pūnaha me ngā mātāpono tauira: Aromatawai Huringa Ora e hangai ana ki te Tukanga (PLCA), Aromatawai Huringa Ora Whakauru Putanga (I-OLCA), me te Aromatawai Huringa Ora Ranu (HLCA). I tēnei wā, kāore he paerewa ā-motu kotahi mō te kaute tapuwae waro i Haina.
I te ao whānui, e toru ngā paerewa matua o te ao mō ngā hua: “PAS 2050:2011 Specification for the Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the Product and Service Life Cycle” (BSI., 2011), “GHGP Protocol” (WRI, WBCSD, 2011), me “ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Product Carbon Footprint – Quantitative Requirements and Guidelines” (ISO, 2018).
E ai ki te ariā o te huringa ora, ko te PAS2050 me te ISO14067 ngā paerewa kua whakatūria mō te aromatawai i te tapuwae waro o te hua me ngā tikanga tatau motuhake e wātea ana ki te marea, e rua ngā tikanga aromatawai: Pakihi ki te Kaihoko (B2C) me Pakihi ki te Pakihi (B2B).
Kei roto i ngā ihirangi aromatawai o te B2C ngā rauemi mata, te whakaputa me te tukatuka, te tohatoha me te hokohoko, te whakamahinga a te kaihoko, te whakakorenga whakamutunga, te hangarua rānei, arā, "mai i te moenga ki te urupā". Kei roto i ngā ihirangi aromatawai B2B ngā rauemi mata, te whakaputa me te tukatuka, me te kawe ki ngā kaihokohoko o raro, arā, "mai i te moenga ki te kūaha".
E toru ngā wāhanga o te tukanga tiwhikete tapuwae waro hua PAS2050: te wāhanga tīmatanga, te wāhanga tatau tapuwae waro hua, me ngā mahi e whai ake nei. E rima ngā taahiraa o te tukanga kaute tapuwae waro hua ISO14067: te tautuhi i te hua ūnga, te whakatau i te rohe pūnaha kaute, te tautuhi i te rohe wā kaute, te wehewehe i ngā pūtake tukunga i roto i te rohe pūnaha, me te tatau i te tapuwae waro hua.
③ Te tikanga
Mā te whakaaro ki te tapuwae waro, ka taea e tātou te tautuhi i ngā rāngai me ngā rohe e nui ana te tukunga, me te mahi i ngā mahi e rite ana hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga. Mā te tatau i te tapuwae waro ka taea hoki e tātou te ārahi i a tātou ki te hanga i ngā momo noho waro-iti me ngā tauira kai.
He huarahi nui te tapanga waro hei whakaatu i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i roto i te taiao whakaputa, i te huringa ora rānei o ngā hua, ā, he huarahi anō hoki mō ngā kaipupuri moni, ngā tari whakahaere kāwanatanga, me te marea kia mārama ai ki ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi o ngā hinonga whakaputa. Ko te tapanga waro, hei huarahi nui mō te whakaatu i ngā mōhiohio waro, kua whānuitia te whakaaetia e te tini me te mano.
Ko te tapanga waro mō ngā hua ahuwhenua te whakamahinga motuhake o te tapanga waro ki ngā hua ahuwhenua. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu momo hua, he nui ake te hiahia ki te whakauru i ngā tapanga waro ki ngā hua ahuwhenua. Tuatahi, ko te ahuwhenua tētahi puna nui o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, ā, ko te puna nui rawa atu o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi kore-waro. Tuarua, ki te whakatauritea ki te rāngai ahumahi, kāore anō kia oti te whakaaturanga o ngā mōhiohio tapanga waro i roto i te tukanga whakaputa ahuwhenua, ā, ka whakawhāiti i te nui o ngā horopaki tono. Tuatoru, he uaua ki ngā kaihoko te whiwhi mōhiohio whai hua mō te tapuwae waro o ngā hua i te taha kaihoko. I ngā tau tata nei, kua whakaatuhia e tētahi raupapa rangahau he pai ngā rōpū kaihoko motuhake ki te utu mō ngā hua iti-waro, ā, ka taea e te tapanga waro te whakatikatika tika i te kore ōrite o ngā mōhiohio i waenga i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihoko, ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te mākete.
2, mekameka ahumahi bamboo
① Te āhua taketake o te mekameka ahumahi pāmu
Kua wehea te mekameka ahumahi tukatuka pāpaka i Haina ki te taha whakarunga, te taha waenga, me te taha whakararo. Ko te taha whakarunga ko ngā rauemi mata me ngā tangohanga o ngā wāhanga rerekē o te pāpaka, tae atu ki ngā rau pāpaka, ngā putiputi pāpaka, ngā wana pāpaka, ngā muka pāpaka, me ērā atu. Ko te taha waenga e whakauru ana i ngā mano tini momo i roto i ngā mara maha pērā i ngā rauemi hanga pāpaka, ngā hua pāpaka, ngā wana pāpaka me te kai, te hanga pepa penupenu pāpaka, me ērā atu; ko ngā tono whakararo o ngā hua pāpaka ko te hanga pepa, te hanga taonga, ngā rauemi rongoā, me te tūruhi ahurea pāpaka, me ētahi atu.
Ko ngā rauemi pāpaka te tūāpapa mō te whanaketanga o te umanga pāpaka. E ai ki tā rātou whakamahinga, ka taea te wehewehe i te pāpaka ki te pāpaka hei rakau, te pāpaka hei wana pāpaka, te pāpaka hei penupenu, me te pāpaka hei whakapaipai māra. Mō te āhua o ngā rauemi ngahere pāpaka, ko te ōwehenga o te ngahere pāpaka rakau he 36%, ā, whai muri ko ngā wana pāpaka me te ngahere pāpaka whakamahi-rua rakau, te ngahere pāpaka oranga ā-iwi, me te ngahere pāpaka penupenu, e 24%, 19%, me te 14% ia. He iti noa ngā ōwehenga o ngā wana pāpaka me te ngahere pāpaka ataahua. He nui ngā rauemi pāpaka o Haina, e 837 ngā momo, ā, e 150 miriona tana te putanga ā-tau o te pāpaka.
Ko te pāpaka te momo pāpaka tino nui rawa atu o Haina. I tēnei wā, ko te pāpaka te rauemi mata matua mō te tukatuka rauemi hangarau pāpaka, te mākete wana pāpaka hou, me ngā hua tukatuka wana pāpaka i Haina. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ka noho tonu te pāpaka hei pou matua mō te whakatipu rauemi pāpaka i Haina. I tēnei wā, ko ngā momo tekau o ngā hua tukatuka me te whakamahi pāpaka matua i Haina ko ngā papa hanga pāpaka, ngā papa pāpaka, ngā wana pāpaka, te hanga penupenu me te pepa pāpaka, ngā hua muka pāpaka, ngā taonga pāpaka, ngā hua o ia rā me ngā mahi a-ringa pāpaka, te waro pāpaka me te winika pāpaka, ngā tangohanga me ngā inu pāpaka, ngā hua ōhanga i raro i ngā ngahere pāpaka, me te tūruhi me te tiaki hauora pāpaka. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā papa hanga pāpaka me ngā rauemi hangarau ngā pou o te umanga pāpaka o Haina.
Me pēhea te whakawhanake i te mekameka ahumahi pāma i raro i te whāinga waro rua
Ko te whāinga "waro takirua" e tohu ana kei te whai a Haina kia eke ki te tihi waro i mua i te tau 2030 me te kore waro i mua i te tau 2060. I tēnei wā, kua whakapiki ake a Haina i ana whakaritenga mō ngā tukunga waro i roto i ngā ahumahi maha, ā, kua kaha te tūhura i ngā ahumahi matomato, iti-waro, me te whai hua ōhanga. Haunga ōna ake painga taiao, me tūhura hoki te ahumahi pāma i tōna pūmanawa hei puna waro me te tomo ki te mākete hokohoko waro.
(1) He whānuitia ngā rauemi waro kei roto i te ngahere pāpaka:
E ai ki ngā raraunga o nāianei i Haina, kua tino piki ake te rahi o ngā ngahere pāpaka i roto i ngā tau 50 kua pahure ake nei. Mai i te 2.4539 miriona heketea i ngā tau 1950 me 1960 ki te 4.8426 miriona heketea i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21 (haunga ngā raraunga mai i Taiwan), he pikinga tau-ki-te-tau o te 97.34%. Ā, kua piki ake te ōwehenga o ngā ngahere pāpaka i roto i te rohe ngahere ā-motu mai i te 2.87% ki te 2.96%. Kua noho ngā rauemi ngahere pāpaka hei wāhanga nui o ngā rauemi ngahere o Haina. E ai ki te 6 o ngā Rarangi Rauemi Ngāhere ā-Motu, i roto i te 4.8426 miriona heketea o ngā ngahere pāpaka i Haina, e 3.372 miriona heketea o te pāpaka, me te tata ki te 7.5 piriona tipu, e 70% o te rohe ngahere pāpaka o te whenua.
(2) Ngā painga o ngā mea ora o te ngahere pāma:
① He poto te huringa tipu o te pāmu, he kaha te tipu tere, ā, he āhuatanga anō hoki mō te tipu hou me te hauhake ā-tau. He nui te uara whakamahinga, ā, kāore he raruraru pēnei i te horo o te oneone i muri i te tapahi rakau katoa me te pirau o te oneone i muri i te whakato tonu. He nui te kaha ki te pupuri waro. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga ko te nui o te waro pumau ā-tau i roto i te paparanga rākau o te ngahere pāmu he 5.097t/hm2 (haunga te whakaputanga paru ā-tau), arā, he 1.46 ngā wā i te nui o te paina Hainamana e tere tipu ana.
② He māmā noa iho ngā āhuatanga tipu o ngā ngahere pāpaka, he rerekē ngā tauira tipu, he wehewehe te horapa, ā, he rerekē tonu te rohe. He whānui te horapa ā-whenua me te whānuitanga, e 17 ngā kawanatanga me ngā tāone nui e horahia ana, e arohia ana ki Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, me Zhejiang. Ka taea e rātou te hanga i ngā whanaketanga tere me te whānui i roto i ngā rohe rerekē, ka hanga i ngā tauira waro ā-wāhi me te wā waro, me ngā whatunga hihiri o te totohu pūtake waro.
(3) Kua pakari ngā tikanga mō te hokohoko waro o te ngahere pāpaka:
① Kua tino oti te umanga hangarua o te pāmu
E horapa ana te umanga pāmu puta noa i ngā umanga tuatahi, tuarua, me te tuatoru, me te pikinga o te uara whakaputa mai i te 82 piriona yuan i te tau 2010 ki te 415.3 piriona yuan i te tau 2022, me te tere tipu ā-tau toharite neke atu i te 30%. E matapaetia ana i te tau 2035, ka neke atu te uara whakaputa o te umanga pāmu i te 1 tiriona yuan. I tēnei wā, kua whakahaerehia he tauira auaha hou mō te mekameka umanga pāmu i te Rohe o Anji, Porowini o Zhejiang, Haina, e arotahi ana ki te tikanga whānui o te whakaurunga waro ahuwhenua rua mai i te taiao me te ōhanga ki te whakaurunga tahi.
② Tautoko kaupapa here e pā ana
Whai muri i te whakaaro mō te whāinga waro-rua, kua whakaputa a Haina i ngā kaupapa here me ngā whakaaro maha hei ārahi i te umanga katoa ki te whakahaere i te korenga o te waro. I te 11 o Noema, 2021, tekau ngā tari tae atu ki te Whakahaere Ngāherehere me te Whenua Tarutaru, te Komihana Whakawhanake me te Whakahou ā-Motu, me te Manatū Pūtaiao me te Hangarau i whakaputa i ngā "Whakaaro o ngā Tari Tekau mō te Whakateretere i te Whakawhanaketanga Auaha o te Ahumahi Pāpaka". I te 2 o Noema, 2023, i tukuna ngātahitia e te Komihana Whakawhanake me te Whakahou ā-Motu me ētahi atu tari te "Mahere Mahi e Toru Tau hei Whakateretere i te Whakawhanaketanga o te 'Whakakapinga Kirihou ki te Pāpaka'". Hei tāpiri, kua tukuna ngā whakaaro mō te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te umanga pāpaka ki ētahi atu kawanatanga pērā i a Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, me ētahi atu. I raro i te whakaurunga me te mahi tahi a ngā whitiki ahumahi rerekē, kua whakaurua ngā tauira hokohoko hou o ngā tapanga waro me ngā tapuwae waro.
3, Me pēhea te tatau i te tapuwae waro o te mekameka ahumahi pāma?
① Te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau mō te tapuwae waro o ngā hua pāma
I tēnei wā, he iti noa ngā rangahau mō te tapuwae waro o ngā hua pāpaka i roto i te motu me te ao whānui. E ai ki ngā rangahau o nāianei, he rerekē te kaha whakawhiti me te rokiroki waro whakamutunga o te pāpaka i raro i ngā tikanga whakamahinga rerekē pērā i te whariki, te whakauru, me te whakakotahitanga, ā, ka rerekē ngā pānga ki te tapuwae waro whakamutunga o ngā hua pāpaka.
② Te tukanga huringa waro o ngā hua pāmao puta noa i tōna huringa ora katoa
Kua oti te huringa ora katoa o ngā hua pāpaka, mai i te tipu me te whanaketanga o te pāpaka (whakaahua), te whakatipu me te whakahaere, te hauhake, te rokiroki rauemi mata, te tukatuka me te whakamahi hua, tae atu ki te pirau para (whakangaromanga). Kei roto i te huringa waro o ngā hua pāpaka puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora e rima ngā wāhanga matua: te whakatipu pāpaka (te whakato, te whakahaere, me te whakahaere), te hanga rauemi mata (te kohikohi, te kawe, me te rokiroki i te pāpaka, i ngā wana pāpaka rānei), te tukatuka me te whakamahi hua (ngā tukanga rerekē i te wā e tukatukahia ana), te hoko, te whakamahi, me te whakakorenga (whakangaromanga), tae atu ki te whakapiri waro, te kohikohi, te rokiroki, te tango, me ngā tukunga waro tika, kore tika rānei i ia wāhanga (tirohia te Pikitia 3).
Ka taea te kī ko te tukanga whakatipu ngahere pāpaka he hononga o te "kohikohi me te rokiroki waro", e uru ana ki ngā tukunga waro tika, ā-kore rānei mai i ngā mahi whakato, whakahaere, me te whakahaere.
He hononga whakawhiti waro te hanga rauemi mata e hono ana i ngā umanga ngahere me ngā umanga tukatuka hua pāpaka, ā, kei roto hoki ko ngā tukunga waro tika, kore tika rānei i te wā o te hauhake, te tukatuka tuatahi, te kawe, me te rokiroki i te pāpaka, i ngā wana pāpaka rānei.
Ko te tukatuka me te whakamahinga o ngā hua ko te tukanga pupuri waro, e uru ana ki te pupuri waro mō te wā roa ki roto i ngā hua, tae atu ki ngā tukunga waro tika, kore tika rānei mai i ngā tukanga maha pēnei i te tukatuka wae, te tukatuka hua, me te whakamahinga o ngā hua taha.
Kia uru te hua ki te wāhanga whakamahinga a te kaihoko, ka tino mau te waro ki roto i ngā hua pāpaka pērā i ngā taonga whare, ngā whare, ngā mea e hiahiatia ana i ia rā, ngā hua pepa, me ētahi atu. I te roanga o te wā mahi, ka roa ake te mahi pupuri waro kia whakakorea rā anō, kia pirau, kia tukuna te CO2, ā, kia hoki anō ki te āhuarangi.
E ai ki te rangahau a Zhou Pengfei et al. (2014), ko ngā papa tapahi pāpaka i raro i te momo whakaputa pāpaka i tangohia hei kaupapa rangahau, ā, ko te "Whakatakotoranga Aromatawai mō ngā Tukunga Hau Kākāriki o ngā Taonga me ngā Ratonga i roto i te Huringa Ora" (PAS 2050:2008) i tangohia hei paerewa aromatawai. Kōwhiria te tikanga aromatawai B2B hei aromatawai whānui i ngā tukunga hauhā me te rokiroki waro o ngā tukanga whakaputa katoa, tae atu ki te kawe rauemi mata, te tukatuka hua, te takai, me te whare putunga (tirohia te Pikitia 4). E whakatau ana a PAS2050 me tīmata te ine i te tapuwae waro mai i te kawe rauemi mata, ā, me ine tika ngā raraunga taumata tuatahi o ngā tukunga waro me te whakawhiti waro mai i ngā rauemi mata, te whakaputa ki te tohatoha (B2B) o ngā papa tapahi pāpaka nekeneke hei whakatau i te rahi o te tapuwae waro.
Anga mō te ine i te tapuwae waro o ngā hua pāmao puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora katoa
Ko te kohikohi me te ine i ngā raraunga taketake mō ia wāhanga o te huringa ora o te hua pāpaka te tūāpapa o te tātari huringa ora. Kei roto i ngā raraunga taketake ko te noho whenua, te whakamahinga wai, te whakamahinga o ngā momo pūngao rerekē (waro, wahie, hiko, me ētahi atu), te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata, me ngā raraunga rere rauemi me te pūngao ka puta. Whakahaerehia te ine i te tapuwae waro o ngā hua pāpaka puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora mā te kohikohi me te ine raraunga.
(1) Te wāhanga whakatipu ngahere pāmu
Te mimiti me te kohikohi waro: te pihi, te tipu me te whanaketanga, te maha o ngā wana hou o te pāma;
Te rokiroki waro: te hanganga o te ngahere pāpaka, te taumata tū o te pāpaka, te hanganga pakeke, te koiora o ngā momo whekau; te koiora o te paparanga paru; te rokiroki waro waro o te oneone;
Ngā tukunga waro: te rokiroki waro, te wā pirau, me te tukunga o te paru; te manawa oneone ngā tukunga waro; Ngā tukunga waro e puta mai ana i te whakapaunga pūngao o waho me te whakapaunga rauemi pēnei i te mahi, te hiko, te wai me te tongi mō te whakato, te whakahaere, me ngā mahi pakihi.
(2) Te wāhanga whakaputa rauemi mata
Te whakawhiti waro: te rahinga hauhake, te rahinga wana rānei me tōna koiora;
Te hokinga mai o te waro: ngā toenga mai i te poro rākau, i ngā wana pīkau rānei, ngā toenga tukatuka tuatahi, me ō rātou koiora;
Ngā tukunga waro: Ko te nui o ngā tukunga waro e puta mai ana i te pūngao o waho me te whakamahinga rauemi, pērā i te mahi me te hiko, i te wā o te kohikohinga, te tukatuka tuatahi, te kawe, te rokiroki, me te whakamahinga o te pūangi, o ngā wana pūangi rānei.
(3) Te wāhanga tukatuka me te whakamahinga o te hua
Te pupuri waro: te koiora o ngā hua o te pāma me ngā hua taha;
Te hokinga mai, te pupuri rānei i te waro: te tukatuka i ngā toenga me ō rātou koiora;
Ngā tukunga waro: Ko ngā tukunga waro e puta mai ana i te whakapaunga pūngao o waho pēnei i te mahi, te hiko, ngā taonga e pau ana, me te whakapaunga rauemi i te wā e tukatukahia ana te tukatuka waeine, te tukatuka hua, me te whakamahinga o ngā hua taha.
(4) Wāhanga hoko me te whakamahinga
Te pupuri waro: te koiora o ngā hua o te pāma me ngā hua taha;
Ngā tukunga waro: Ko te nui o ngā tukunga waro e puta mai ana i te whakapaunga pūngao o waho pēnei i te kawe waka me te mahi mai i ngā umanga ki te mākete hoko.
(5) Wāhanga Whakakorenga
Tukunga Waro: Te Rokiroki Waro o ngā Hua Para; Te wā pirau me te nui o te tukunga.
He rerekē ngā ngahere pāmu i ētahi atu ahumahi ngahere, ā, ka taea e ngā ngahere pāmu te whakahou i a rātou anō i muri i te tapahi me te whakamahi pūtaiao, me te kore e hiahiatia he whakato ngahere anō. Kei roto te tipu o te ngahere pāmu i te taurite o te tipu, ā, ka taea tonu te mimiti i te waro pumau, te kohikohi me te penapena waro, me te whakanui tonu i te pupuri waro. Kāore i te nui te ōwehenga o ngā rauemi mata o te pāmu e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hua pāmu, ā, ka taea te pupuri waro mō te wā roa mā te whakamahi i ngā hua pāmu.
I tēnei wā, kāore he rangahau mō te ine i te huringa waro o ngā hua pāmao puta noa i tō rātou huringa ora katoa. Nā te roa o te wā tukunga waro i ngā wā hoko, whakamahinga, me te whakakorenga o ngā hua pāmao, he uaua ki te ine i ō rātou tapuwae waro. I roto i te mahi, ko te aromatawai tapuwae waro e aro ana ki ngā taumata e rua: ko te tuatahi ko te whakatau tata i te rokiroki waro me ngā tukunga i roto i te tukanga whakaputa mai i ngā rauemi mata ki ngā hua; ko te tuarua ko te aromatawai i ngā hua pāmao mai i te whakato ki te whakaputa.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-17-2024
